References
1) Ljungvist o, Nygren J, thorell A, Hausel J. Perioperataive nutrition therapy – novel developments. Scand J Nutr 2000; 44: 3-7
2) Nygren JO, Thorell A, Soop M, Efendic S, Brismar K, Krpe F, et al. Perioperative insulin and glucose infusion maintaines normal insulin sensitivity after surgery.
3) Bang P, Nygren J, Carlsson-Skwirut C, Thorell A, Ljungqvist o. Postoperative induction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 proteolytic activity: relation to insulin and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Edocrinol Metab 1998;83:2509-15
4) Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Shetz M, et al. Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: insulin dose versus glycaemic control. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 359-66
5) Brandi LS, Frediani M, Oleggini M, Mosca F, Cerri M, Boni C, et al. Insulin resistance after surgery: normalization by insulin treatment. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990; 79:443-50
6) Kahaodiar L, McCowen K, Bistrian B. Perioperative hyperglycemia, infection or risk? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1999; 2: 79-82
7) Pierre EJ, Barrow RE, Hawkins HK, Nguyen TT, Sakurai Y, Desai M, et al. Effects of insulin on wound healing. J Trauma 1998; 44: 342-5
8) Ferrando AA, Chinkes DL, Wolf SE, Matin S, Herndon DN, Wolfe RR. A submaximal dose of insulin promotes net skeletal muscle protein synthesis in patients with severe burns. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 11-8.
9) Woolfson AM, Heatley RV, Alison SP. Insulin to inhibit protein catabolism after injury. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 14-7
10) Ljungqvist O, Nygren J, Thorell A. Insulin resistance and elective surgery. Surgery 2000; 128: 757-60
11) Henriksen MG, Hessov I, Dela F, Vind Hansen H, Haraldsted V, Rodt SA. Effects of preoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47: 191-9
12) Hausel J, Nygren J, Lagerkranser M, Hellstrom PM, Hammarqvist F, Almstrom C, et al. A carbohydrate –rich drink reduces preoperative discomfort in elective surgery patients. Anaesth Analg 2001; 93: 1344-50
13) Bisgaard T, Kristiansen VB, Hjortso NC, Jaconsen LS, Rosenberg J, Kehlet H. Randomized clinical trial comparing an oral carbohydrate beverage with placebo before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2004;91;151-8
14) Ljungqvist O, Nygren J, Thorell A, Brodin U, Efendic S. Preoperative nutrition – elective surgery in the fed or the overnight fasted state. Clin Nutr 2001; 20 (Suppl 1): 167-71
15) Henriksen MG, Hessov I, Dela F, Hansen HV, Haraldsted V, Rodt SA. Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates and peptides on postoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2003; 47: 191-9
16) Noblett SE, Watson DS, Hunog H, Daison B, Hainsworth PJ, Horgan AF. Preoperative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal surgery: a reandomized controlled trial. Colorectal Disease 2006;8: 563-9
17) Sakai T, Planinsic RM, Quinlan JJ, Handley LJ, Kim TY, HIlmi IA. The incidence and outcome of perioperative pulmonary aspiration in a university hospital: a 4-year retrospective analysis. Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2006; 103: 931-7
18) Scott MJ, Fawcett WJ. Oral carbohydrate preload drink for major surgery – the first steps from famine to feast. Anaesthesia 2014, 69, 1308-12.
19) Gustaffsson UO, Nygren J, Thorell A, et al. Pre-operative carbohydrate loading may be used in type 2 diabetes pateints. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008; 52: 946-51
20) Gustaffson UO, Hausel J, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O, Soop M, Nygren J. Adherence to the enhanced recovery after surgery protocol and outcomes after colorectal cancer surgery. Archives of Surgery 2001; 146:571-7
21) Carli F. Physiologic considerations of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs: implications of the stress response. Can J Anaesth 2015; 62:110-9
22) Thiele RH, Rea KM, Turrentine FE, et al. Standardization of care: impact of an enhanced recovery protocol on length of stay, complications, and direct costs after colorectal surgery.J Am Coll Surg. 2015;220:430-43
23) Pre-operative Carbohydrate Loading or Hydration: A review of Clinical and Cost- Effectiveness, and Guidelines. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. April 2016
24) Smith MD, McCall J, Plank L, Herbison GP, Soop M, Nygren J. Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enchancing recovery after elective surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;8:CD009161
25) Li L, Wang Z, Ying X, Tian J, Sun T, Yi K, et al. Preoperative carbohydrate loading for elective surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Today. 2012 Jul;42(7):613-24
26) Awad S, Varadhan KK, Ljungqvist O, Lobo DN. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in elective surgery. Clin Nutr. 2013 Feb;32(2):34-44
27) Bilku DK, Dennison AR, Hall TC, Metcalfe MS, Garcea G. Role of preoperative carbohydrate loading: a systematic review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2014 Jan;96(1):15-22
28) Nygren J. The metabolic effects of fasting and surgery. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology 2006;20(3):429-38.
29) Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2000;85(1):109-17
30) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Smith MD, McCall J, Plank L, Herbison GP, Soop M, Nygren J. Preoperative carbohydrate treatment for enhancing recovery after elective surgery (Review).
31) Ljungqvist O, Soreide E. Preoperative fasting. The British Journal of Surgery 2003;90(4):400-6
32) Hausel J, Nygren J, Thorell A, Lagerkranser M, Ljungqvist O. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of oral preoperative carbohydrates on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2005 Apr;92(4):415-21.
33) Soop M, Nygren J, Myrenfors P, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O. Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates immediate postoperative insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;280(4):E576-83
34) Soop M, Nygren J, Thorell A, Weidenhielm L, Lundberg M, Hammarqvist F, Ljungqvist O. Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates endogenous glucose release 3 days after surgery. Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;23(4):733-41
35) Furnary AP, Zerr KJ, Grunkemeier GL, Starr A. Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal would infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:352-60; Discussion 360-2.
36) Rassias AJ, Marrin CA, Arruda J, Whalen PK, Each M, Yaeger MP. Insulin infusion improves neutrophil function in diabetic cardiac surgery patients. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:1011-6
37) Safety of Anaesthesia: A review of anaesthesia-related mortality reporting in Australia and New Zealand 2009-2011
38) Ljunggren S, Hahn RG, Nystrom T. Insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function after carbohydrate oral loading in hip replacement surgery: a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2014 Jun;33(3):392-8
39) Sada F, Krasniqui A, Hamza A, Gecaj-Gashi A, Bicaj B, Kavaja F. A randomized trial of preoperative oral carbohydrates in abdominal surgery. BMC Anesthesiol. 2014 Mar;14:93
40) Webster J, Osborne SR, Gill R, Chow CF, Wallin S, Jones L, et al. Does preoperative oral carbohydrate reduce hospital hospital stay? A randomized trial. AORN J. 2014 Feb;99(2):233-42
41) James CF, Modell JH, Gibbs CP, Kuck EJ, Ruiz BC.Pulmonary aspiration - effects of volume and pH in the rat. Anesth Analg. 1984 Jul;63(7):665-8.